![]() ![]() ![]() Consequently, preventing infection is vital. It is a formidable enemy of trees in green areas and it is resilient to biological control. Our observations indicate a high incidence of attack of this fungus in beech forests affected by wind and snow storms. Ecology and distribution: It is a xylophagous or saprophytic parasite that can be found on deciduous trees, and in Romania, on beech trees in particular. The morphology of the component parts of the mature fruiting body are presented. Identification: The common names of this fungus in various languages highlight its unique aspect and the shape of the scales on the surface of the cap. Taxonomy: This fungus belongs to the Polyporaceae family and it has been affiliated with various genera, from Boletus to Cerioporus. This study presents the state of knowledge regarding the biology, ecology, chemistry, and nutraceutical properties of Dryad's saddle, an underrated fungus known only in some regions of Romania. Dryad's saddle is one of the 43 species of fungi whose marketing is permitted by law in Romania. Romania has substantial resources of edible fungi which unfortunately are often overlooked by harvesters. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report the production of C-K and C-Y from major ginsenosides by basidiomycete F. FFEP can be applied to produce minor ginsenosides C-K and C-Y from PPDG-F or TG-F. FFEP biotransformed ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc into C-K via the following pathways: Rd → F2 → C-K for Rb1 and both Rd → F2→ C-K and C-Mc1 → C-Mc → C-K for Rc, respectively, while C-Y is formed from Rb2 via C-O. In addition, biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides as affected by reaction time and pH were investigated by TLC and HPLC analyses, and the metabolites were also identified by UPLC/negative-ESI-Q-TOF-MS analysis. FFEP was used to prepare minor ginsenosides from protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenoside (PPDG-F) or total ginsenoside fraction (TG-F). FFEP was prepared by ammonium sulfate (30–80%) precipitation from submerged culture of F. Therefore, this study focused on the biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides using crude β-glucosidase preparation isolated from submerged liquid culture of Fomitella fraxinea (FFEP). ![]() Minor ginsenosides, such as compounds (C)-K and C-Y, possess relatively better bioactivity than those of naturally occurring major ginsenosides. WRF if appropriately screened and puri-fied can be harnessed to potentially improve the bio-conversion of cellulose to glucose and also facilitate efficient plant biomass biodegradation and produc-tion of useful plant bio-products. Beta-glucosidase activities also exhib-ited pH optima between 3.5 and 5.0 while tempera-ture optima were between 60˚C and 70˚C with some media exhibiting a secondary temperature peak at 90˚C attributable to the presence of thermostable isoenzyme. The V max de-pending on the kinetic transformation model ranged from 0.21 µg The calculated kinetic constant (K m) ranged from 0.47 µM (A. Beta-glucosidase activi-ties after 30 min of incubation ranged from 6.4 µg (T. Significant variations in protein and carbohydrate contents were also recorded. All the WRF studied showed β-glucosidase activities. This study investigated the enzymatic activi-ties and kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from se-venteen WRF comprised of the following species from various geographical locations: Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricular, Polyporus squamosus, Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondosa. Beta-glucosidase is among the suite of enzymes pro-duced by white rot fungi (WRF) to biodegrade plant biomass. ![]()
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